Princess August Marie Louise Katherina of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, later Queen of Prussia and Empress of Germany - Baden Baden

I came across this statue in Baden Baden, in the Lichtenauer Allee. It is the work of Joseph von Kopf and was erected in 1892. It is dedicated to Princess Augusta Marie Louise Katherina of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, whose father was Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach and whose mother was the daughter of Paul I of Russia. Augusta's mother was described by Goethe as "one of the best and most significant women of her time", and she ensured that her daughter Augusta had a very good education. Whether this fitted Augusta well for her subsequent life is debatable. Perhaps if she had been less well-educated, she might have been happier, as she might have thought less deeply about the political events going on around her and their consequences. 

Be that as it may, having been thoroughly educated, Augusta married in 1829. She was still only 18, and her husband Wilhelm Friedrich Ludwig, son of the King of Prussia was 14 years older than her.  She had met him for the first time three years earlier, when she was only 15 years old. At that time, Wilhelm was deeply involved with Princess Eliza Radziwil, who, coincidentally, later died at a spa, (not a great advertisement for taking a so-called cure, but at least it wasn't Baden Baden). 

Presumably Princess Radziwil was related to Stanislaw Radziwil, who married Jackie Kennedy's sister after meeting her at a dinner party in London on 26 March, 1957. Radziwil attended the dinner party with his second wife, an heiress called Grace Kolin, Jackie Kennedy's sister Lee attended with her husband, whose name was Michael Canfield, (supposedly the illegitimate son of the Duke of Kent and an American who was called Kiki Preston, but born Alice Gwynn, the grand-daughter of the redoubtable Mrs Cornelius Vanderbilt), and a couple called Lord and Lady Dudley. What a dinner party it must have been - each of the couples divorced following it and Canfield married Lady Dudley, Lord Dudley married Grace Kolin and Stanislaw Radziwil married Jackie Kennedy's sister Lee.

Whatever Eliza Radziwil's social connections then or later, they did not satisfy Wilhelm's family. Supposedly, at some stage in the distant past the Radziwils had sullied themselves by parting with cash in exchange for their princely title. My dear, they were practically trade. Even though it was not Wilhelm but his older brother who was the Crown Prince, Wilhelm was still expected to marry someone whose claim to nobility was of such a level that their children would be considered suitable to take the throne if the need arose. Thus it was that Wilhelm was persuaded by his father to marry Augusta, even though, as he wrote to his sister, while he found Augusta nice and clever, his true and only love was Eliza.

Augusta by Carl Joseph Begas, 1838

Augusta's husband, Wilhelm (admittedly this was taken in 1884, but all the same, he ought to have counted himself lucky to have her, surely.)

The marriage went ahead - (after all, love was not really the central element in royal arranged marriages at the time) - and Augusta became part of the Prussian court. She seems to have been very interested in politics and possibly slightly better at it than her husband. In 1847, following crop failures and widespread hunger, his older brother refused to liberalise, and Wilhelm himself was held responsible for the bloodshed of the subsequent March revolution in 1848 in Berlin. Wilhelm was sent to London to escape the consequences of this, and Augusta and her children withdrew to Potsdam. 

In 1850, the couple reunited in Koblenz, when Wilhelm returned to become governor of the Rhine province. 

Augusta by Franz Winterhalter, 1853

Augusta by Franz Xaver Winterhalter, 1861

The Empress Augusta monument in Koblenz

When, after a number of strokes, Wilhelm's older brother died, Wilhelm succeeded him as King of Prussia. Wilhelm then appointed Otto von Bismarck as president, to Augusta's dismay. She regarded Bismarck as a warmonger, while she was opposed to war. Her opposition was born of her concern for those who had to fight and, in an effort to aid the victims of war, she founded the National Women's Association in 1864, to take care of wounded and ill soldiers. In this endeavour, she turned to Florence Nightingale for advice. Several hospital foundations springing from this initiative of Augusta's still exist today, not least the German Society for Surgery. She was also heavily involved in the Red Cross Movement, and the International Committee of the Red Cross still operates an Augusta fund.

Augusta's attitude to becoming empress was influenced by her attitude to war - she felt that German unification had been gained through military rather than moral conquest, and regarded that as a personal defeat. Her distress at the Austro-Prussian war led her to severe depression.  It was because of this that she began to visit Baden Baden, in search of a cure. 

Augusta at Frogmore House with Queen Victoria in 1867

Augusta had two children, a boy and a girl. The boy became Frederick III, but died aged 56, after ruling for only 99 days. His wife was Victoria, the oldest child of Queen Victoria. She and Augusta were estranged, because Victoria inherited jewellery that ought by rights to have come to Augusta. 

Augusta died aged 78 during the 1889-1890 flu epidemic. She is buried next to her husband in Charlottenburg.  

Augusta in the 1880s

Liverpool - Memorial to the Engineroom Staff on the Titanic

Next time I go to Liverpool, I will try to take some better photographs of this moving memorial, commissioned by the White Star Line of Liverpool and the Institute of Marine Engineers.

All 244 engine room staff lost their lives when the Titanic sank in the Atlantic on 15 April 1912, after hitting an iceberg. All of them remained at their posts, supplying electricity and other amenities for as long as they could, so that others might survive. The Titanic was built at the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast, departed from Southampton, calling at Cherbourg and Queenstown en route to New York and Halifax. She never came to Liverpool, but was owned by the White Star Line, (headquarters Albion House on the corner of James Street and the Strand, Liverpool), registered in Liverpool, and had many crew and passengers from Liverpool - and bore the name 'Liverpool' on her stern.

When the memorial was unveiled in May, 1916, it was dedicated to:

"All Heroes of the Marine Engine Room". 

The designer of the memorial was Sir William Goscombe John. It is one of the first monuments in England to specifically honour the sacrifice of working men. 

As well as providing funding towards this memorial, the Institute of Marine Engineers set up a charity that became the Guild of Benevolence. Its purpose was to assist widows, orphans and dependants of the engineers who had died at their posts. It is the only registered charity in operation today that has a direct link with RMS Titanic. 

 

Mihály Vörösmarty

I doubt any tourist visiting Budapest has not passed through Vörösmarty tér, in the centre of which stands a vast sculpture (by Ede Kallós and Eduard Telcs, the latter later a beneficiary of Raoul Wahlenberg's efforts) of Mihály Vörösmarty. I'm ashamed of myself as I must have passed it hundreds of times and yet until now I have never taken the time to find out who Vörösmarty was. 

I am also a little disappointed. In my ignorance, I had all sorts of vague notions of his heroism and nobility, as well as half-formed imaginings about his adventurous deeds. Vörösmarty's significance is enormous to Hungarians, but to a non-Hungarian it is difficult to understand why he deserves quite such a huge monument, (and yet it must be greatly loved, as it is tenderly wrapped up against the cold every single winter). 

Vörösmarty was a writer, it turns out. He composed one of the nation's favourite poems. Two lines of it are inscribed below his feet on the monument:

"Hazádnák rendületlenűl légy híve, óh magyar" - "Oh Hungarian, to your homeland be unfailingly true."

I admire any nation that reveres its poets, and Hungary apparently does.

There are twenty figures on the lower part of the monument. They represent different members of Hungarian society. Both Vörösmarty and the twenty figures are made from Carrara marble, although the base of the monument is limestone. It was erected in 1908 and buried in the base somewhere, still visible if you can find it, is a single coin, which was the donation of an extremely poor person to the fund to erect the statue. The sculptor was so moved by this re-enactment of the widow's mite that he ensured it could be seen in the finished work.  

This inscription tells of a Finnish sculptor, Yrjö Liipola who lived and worked in Hungary from 1904-1934, acting as Finnish consul from 1925-1934. He was a student of the sculptor Ede Kallós, and Kallós made him the model for the flag-bearing student.

Here is Vörösmarty's grave in the Kerepesi Cemetery:

It stands directly facing the shocking remnants of the former regime:

Nearby, inexplicably always adorned with freshly brought flowers, is the grave of the thuggish Communist dictator, Matyás Rákosi. How strange that when faced with these things, I find myself suddenly in sympathy with those who wish to drag down statues and sweep away all traces of those they consider to be evil imperialists. I certainly find it insulting to someone genuinely loved by Hungarians to have these reminders of a quite different kind of Hungarian so close to where the poet lies:

Janos Fadrusz, corner of Naphegy utca and Lisznyai utca, Krisztinavaros, Budapest

At the junction of Naphegy utca & Lisznyai utca in the Krisztinaváros, Budapest, is this bust by László Márton of János Fadrusz, who was a sculptor (possibly a better one than Márton). It was put up in 2010. 

The inscription says:

“Közelben állott Fadrusz János Műterme, ahol a Kolozsvárott felállított Mátyás Király szobrot alkotta Marton László szobrászművész ajándéka”

which I think means:

"János Fadrusz, who had a studio near here, in which he created the statue of King Matthias erected in Cluj-Napoca. This is a present from the sculptor László Márton."

Fadrusz was born in 1858 in Pozsony/Pressburg/Bratislava & died in 1903, aged only 45, in Budapest. 

There is a painting of him & links to some of his sculptures here.

I found a Romanian article which contained a huge amount of information including the startling information that, in order to get a crucifixion sculpture just right, Fadrusz crucified himself, hoping that he would gain a better understanding of the experience - that is dedication. 

I was delighted to discern the earnestness so typical of this end of Europe, expressed in this part of the article:

"In an editorial effort to bring back to the public opinion the personality of the sculptor Fadrusz János, little known in Romanian cultural circles, the Foto-Travel blog presented a series of articles dedicated to the 111th anniversary of the inauguration of two Fadrusz statuary groups and 110 years since the sculptor's death. This approach continues with this article dedicated to their creator, and will culminate in the coming weeks by organizing in Zalău a debate on the life and work of sculptor Fadrusz János."

A world where someone can think optimistically about organising a debate in a small rural town on the life and work of an obscure sculptor is a kinder, simpler world than the one I usually believe myself to be living in. The post is only 8 years old so I am hoping things have not changed dramatically in Zalau - although I have absolutely no appetite for seminars and lengthy discourses, I like the idea that someone does.

Here is the video of the debate. It's only an hour and a half long - and in Romanian:

That article, which for some reason I now cannot find, (although possibly it was this one), and this one both mention several sculptures by Fadrusz here in Budapest, as well as one in a little town about 100 kilometres away. I will seek them out and add photographs of them to this post over time. 

The sad news is that the sculptor's early death at 45 was due to tuberculosis.

Count István Bethlen de Bethlen, Saint George Square, the Castle District, Budapest

I have walked past this statue many times without trying to find out more about its subject, Count Istvan Bethlen de Bethlen. The statue itself didn't appeal to me and I assumed, from the fact that the inscription states that Bethlen died in Moscow, that he was a Communist crony.  

What a mistake, what a lesson that one should never jump to conclusions. Bethlen, it turns out,  was one of the more admirable politicians of 20th century Hungary. 

Count István Bethlen de Bethlen was born on 8 October 1874 at Gernyeszeg, now called Gornesti, between Targu Mures and Reghin in today's Romania. His mother belonged to the Teleki family and there is a beautiful Teleki house at Gernyeszeg/Gornesti, which I suspect is where Count Bethlen was born.

Bethlen was elected to parliament in Hungary in 1901. In 1919, he served as a representative of the Hungarian government at the Paris Peace Conference. 

When Béla Kun seized power in Hungary and established a Hungarian Soviet Republic, Bethlen quickly returned from Paris to Hungary to assume leadership of the anti-communist "white" government based in Szeged. After the "white" forces defeated Kun, Bethlen again took a seat in the parliament, and worked in alliance with the conservative factions there. 

In 1920, after an attempt to return Charles I of Austria/IV of Hungary to the throne of Hungary was defeated, Miklós Horthy was named Regent in Hungary. After a second attempt by Charles was also unsuccessful, Horthy asked Bethlen to form a government, hoping to eliminate the possibility of further governmental upheaval. Bethlen became Prime Minister of Hungary in April, 1921. He and Horthy, rather unwisely, did get involved in negotiations with Charles I of Austria/IV of Hungary later that year, with the idea that his monarchy be restored - I hope one day to find a statue of Charles so that I can recount the absurd mess of that attempt, along with Charles's earlier ones. 

Anyway, in 1922 Bethlen founded the Party of National Unity and managed to create a durable coalition between the wealthy industrialists in Budapest and the old Hungarian rural gentry. He also managed to reach agreement with the labour unions and get them to support the government, thus eliminating another source of domestic dissent. 

While there is something called the Franc Affair that Bethlen almost certainly had a hand in, while he did enter into a Treaty of Friendship with Mussolini's Italy, his political efforts checked the rise of Fascism in Hungary for at least a decade, according to Wikipedia. Certainly, his removal from the Prime Ministership was caused by a shift to the right in Hungarian politics due to the Great Depression, and those who followed him were extremists - particularly Gyula Gombos de Jakfa, who was the second person after Bethlen to take over as Prime Minister in 1932; Gombos de Jakfa was a Fascist and an avowed antisemite.

Bethlen stood out as one of the few voices in Hungary actively opposed to an alliance with Nazi Germany. Late in the war, he tried without success to negotiate a separate peace with the Allied powers. When the Soviets moved in, the Hungarian communists re-emerged from the woodwork. Bethlen was a threat, having proved himself a man who could unite disparate political forces. In March 1945, he was arrested by the Soviets and taken to Moscow. He died there in prison on 5 October 1946. 

Bethlen and the Hungarian delegation - to what? - in the Hague